Eye On A.I.

What if the country that trains the world's engineers finally built the infrastructure to match its talent?
In this episode of Eye on AI, Craig Smith sits down with Amith Singhee, Director of IBM Research India and CTO of IBM India and South Asia, to explore where India actually stands in the global AI race and what it will take to close the gap.
Amith gives an honest, ground-level assessment of why India has been slow to compete. The talent has always been there. But until recently, the investment, the compute infrastructure, and the institutional intent hadn't come together in a sustained, coordinated way. That's changing, and Amith explains exactly what's different now.
He walks through IBM Research India's 27-year presence in the country, the research it's doing on foundation models, hybrid cloud AI deployment, agentic systems, and quantum computing. He also explains why building AI from India doesn't just help India. Working with less data, less compute, and more linguistic diversity forces better engineering and makes IBM's models more generalizable for the entire world.
We also get deep into the technical frontier. Why catastrophic forgetting is one of the key unsolved problems standing between current AI and anything more capable. How IBM is already shipping continual learning in practice through its COBOL modernization tools, helping enterprises decode decades of legacy code before the engineers who wrote it are gone. And why agentic AI, for all the hype, still has a mountain of unglamorous enterprise engineering left to climb before it becomes truly reliable.
Plus, what Amith would tell an 18-year-old engineer in India today about what skills will actually matter in an AI-driven world.
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(00:00) Introduction and Amith Singhee's Background 
(06:26) Why IBM Set Up Research in India 
(11:45) Can India Compete in AI 
(15:18) How IBM Collaborates With Indian Universities 
(19:25) Why India Has Been Slow in AI 
(24:50) IBM's Hybrid Cloud AI Research Focus 
(27:34) How Data Scarcity in India Makes Better AI 
(31:18) Fine-Tuning Models Without Losing General Knowledge 
(35:03) Continual Learning and Catastrophic Forgetting 
(38:25) COBOL and Legacy Code Modernization 
(42:11) Agentic AI Hype vs Enterprise Reality 
(48:09) What Young Engineers Should Study Today

What does it actually take to prove that AI delivers real value in the industries that keep the world running?
In this episode of Eye on AI, Craig Smith sits down with Debdas Sen, CEO of TCG Digital and Joint Managing Director of Lummus Digital, to explore what serious enterprise AI looks like when it is applied to some of the most complex, high-stakes problems on the planet. Problems like compressing years of catalyst research into weeks, predicting refinery failures before they happen, and accelerating drug development timelines that could determine how long a life-saving medicine takes to reach patients.
Debdas has spent nearly 30 years in data and AI, living through every hype cycle from the data warehousing era of 1997 to today's agentic revolution. He makes a compelling case that the AI community has one defining job right now: prove the ROI, or risk another AI winter.
We also get into what makes TCG Digital's platform mcube™ different. It is not a horizontal tool. It is a domain-first, agentic AI ecosystem built for the kinds of massive, multi-variable problems that horizontal platforms cannot touch. Debdas breaks down how mcube™ bridges legacy enterprise infrastructure with cutting-edge agentic systems, why hybrid modeling beats pure AI in energy and life sciences, and how the platform keeps private enterprise data protected while still drawing on the best of what public LLMs have to offer.
Finally, Debdas shares where he sees the industry heading next, a future where agents from different providers can reason together in a neutral space, where inference and reasoning keep improving, and where the companies that go deepest into domain will pull furthest ahead.
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(00:00) Introduction and Meet Debdas Sen
(01:30) 30 Years in Data and AI: From Data Warehousing to Agentic Systems
(03:02) What TCG Digital Actually Does (04:32) Inside mcube™: How the Platform Works
(10:06) Domain vs Horizontal: Why Specificity Wins in Enterprise AI
(18:29) Catalyst R&D: Collapsing 12 Months of Research Into One
(30:38) Predicting Plant Failures Before They Happen
(36:51) Solving the Trust and Hallucination Problem in Enterprise AI
(44:51) The Six-Layer Architecture of mcube™
(47:05) What Is Genuinely New About Agentic AI
(49:22) What Young People Should Study to Work in Serious AI
(53:14) Velocity to Value: Why ROI Must Be Tracked From Day One

What if the country that produces the world's top AI talent finally figured out how to keep it?
In this episode of Eye on AI, Craig Smith sits down with Professor Mausam, one of India's leading AI researchers, AAAI Fellow, and founding head of the Yardi School of Artificial Intelligence at IIT Delhi, to get an honest and unflinching diagnosis of why India has fallen so far behind the US and China in artificial intelligence and what it will actually take to close that gap.
Mausam breaks down the structural story behind India's deficit. A pipeline of world-class students that gets exported abroad the moment it graduates. A professor shortage so severe that IIT Delhi's entire School of AI has hired only five new faculty members in five years. A government AI mission with the right instincts but not enough speed or boldness. And a brain drain made worse by the very thing India is proud of, its English fluency, which makes its talent the easiest in the world to absorb and the hardest to bring back.
Mausam walks through the full picture. How China built its research dominance not through students but through aggressively repatriating senior researchers with real salaries, real lab resources, and real authority to build research cultures from scratch. Why the AlexNet moment in 2012 was actually an equalizer that gave China's fledgling ecosystem a surprise advantage over more established Western research groups. How India's JEE coaching culture and IIT bottleneck are symptoms of a scarcity of quality institutions rather than a broken exam. What the government's AI mission is getting right on compute, data, and sectoral focus, and where the critical gaps remain. And why Mausam believes that bringing one hundred top professors back to India would do more for the country's AI future than any single government program or funding initiative.
We also get into the harder questions. Whether AI degrees belong at the undergraduate level or should sit on top of a computer science foundation. Why Mausam no longer holds an optimistic view on AI's impact on software jobs and why he thinks Geoff Hinton's point about plumbers has merit. And what it would actually take for a democracy of 1.4 billion people to stop training the world's AI leaders and start keeping them.
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(00:00) Introduction: India's AI Gap and Professor Mausam's Background
(02:30) Building the Yardi School of AI at IIT Delhi
(07:44) How Far China Has Pulled Ahead in AI Research
(12:55) Why India Could Not Follow China's Playbook
(29:18) The JEE System, Coaching Culture, and the IIT Bottleneck
(30:37) AI Degrees, Job Market Realities, and the Future of Work
(44:18) The Real Problem Is Professors, Not Students
(48:07) Big Tech Labs in India: Helpful but Not at Scale
(51:46) The Government AI Mission: Progress and Gaps
(55:20) The Compute and Data Infrastructure Problem
(59:54) Can India Close the Gap Before It Is Too Late

Why IBM Is Betting Everything on Small AI Models
In this episode of Eye on AI, Craig Smith sits down with Sriram Raghavan, Vice President of AI at IBM Research, to explore one of the most important debates in enterprise AI right now. Do you actually need a massive model to get world class results? IBM's answer is no, and Sriram breaks down exactly why.
Sriram explains why IBM chose to train its Granite models directly using reinforcement learning rather than distilling from larger models like most of the industry. The reason goes beyond performance. It comes down to data lineage, safety alignment, and a belief that small, efficient models are the only sustainable path for enterprises running AI across hybrid cloud environments.
We get into the full technical stack behind that bet. How data quality has replaced model size as the real competitive advantage. Why parameter count is becoming the wrong metric entirely. How IBM's inference time scaling techniques allow an 8 billion parameter model to match the performance of GPT-4o and Claude 3.5 on code and math benchmarks. And why IBM is pioneering a new concept called Generative Computing, which treats AI models not as prompt receivers but as programmable computing elements with runtimes, modular LoRA adapters, and proper programming abstractions.
Sriram also shares where IBM Research is headed next, including breakthroughs in continuous learning, agent orchestration, and making unstructured enterprise data actually usable at scale.
 
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(00:00) Why IBM Skips Distillation and Trains Small Models Directly 
(04:50) Did We Even Need Giant AI Models in the First Place?
(08:12) How Data Quality Became the New Competitive Moat
(11:54) Why Parameter Count Is the Wrong Way to Measure a Model
(15:36) Reinforcement Learning Without Losing Broad Capabilities
(22:05) Inference Time Scaling: Getting Big Model Results From Small Models
(28:12) Generative Computing: Treating AI as a Programming Element
(36:40) Why IBM Open Sources and How Small Models Make It Sustainable
(41:25) The Path to Continuous Learning Without Rewriting Weights
(51:00) IBM's Full Roadmap: Models, Data, and Agents

What if the country that trained the world's engineers finally decided to keep them?
In this episode of Eye on AI, Craig Smith sits down with Abhishek, the civil servant leading India's $1.2 billion national AI Mission, to explore how one of the world's largest and most diverse nations is mounting a serious challenge to US and Chinese dominance in artificial intelligence.
Abhishek breaks down the honest story behind India's late start. World-class talent, but no research ecosystem to retain it. Digitization without AI-usable data. Compute so scarce that the entire country had fewer than 500 GPUs just two years ago. And a brain drain so severe that the engineers India trained are now running the biggest tech companies in the world, just not from India.
Abhishek walks through exactly how the mission is tackling each of those gaps. A subsidized compute program that gives researchers and startups access to 38,000 GPUs at under a dollar per hour. AI Kosh, a national data platform pulling public and private sector datasets into a single AI-ready repository. Centers of Excellence connecting IITs around domain-specific research in agriculture, healthcare, education and mobility. And a sovereign LLM program, with four models already in development and eight more on the way, built specifically for India's languages, voices and needs.
We also get into the geopolitics. Where India stands as the US and China carve out competing AI spheres of influence. Why Abhishek is pushing for a UN-led governance framework rather than aligning with either bloc. And what it would actually take for a country of 1.4 billion people to not just catch up, but leapfrog.
 
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(00:00) Introduction and Abhishek's Background 
(02:43) What the India AI Mission Is and How It Started 
(04:53) The $1.2 Billion Budget and Total AI Investment in India 
(06:36) Data Center Build-Out and the Road to 7 Gigawatts 
(08:11) AI Kosh: India's National Data Platform 
(10:50) Subsidized GPUs and How Researchers Access Compute 
(12:41) Brain Drain, Reverse Migration and Retaining Top Talent 
(17:24) Centers of Excellence Across IITs and Key Sectors 
(19:21) Expanding Fellowships and Training the Next Generation 
(20:11) Why India Started Late and What Changed 
(21:48) Sovereign LLMs Built for Indian Languages and Needs 
(22:42) The Diversity Challenge and Culturally Relevant AI 
(23:16) Government Funding for Foundation Model Development 
(24:12) The AI Impact Summit and India's Role on the Global Stage 
(24:52) India, China, the US and the Battle for AI Governance 
(29:37) The UN Framework and India's Third Way 
(31:16) India-China Relations and New AI Partnerships 
(32:01) How the $1.2 Billion Budget Was Decided 
(33:31) Can India Actually Catch Up With the US and China